Chapter VIII: Supply, Movements and Evacuation

Section II: Movements

1. SEA TRANSPORTATION. a. General. Various means of sea transportation, depending upon existing conditions and circumstances, are employed by the Japanese Army for troop movements. Cargo and passenger vessels, some converted to troop carriers, from 3,000 to 10,000 tons, are used for basic transportation; frequently, ships of less than 3,000 tons are employed. In one theater of operations "sea trucks" and various types of barges have been used for short runs. In extreme, cases and under adverse combat conditions, reinforcement, maintenance, and evacuation are accomplished by means of warships such as cruisers, destroyers, and submarines.

b. Regular transport and cargo vessels. (1) Shipping Measurements. Several types of tonnage are used to denote the size of a ship or its cargo carrying capacity, namely, gross registered, net, deadweight, displacement, and measurement tonnage. An explanation of these measurements is given below:

(a) Gross registered tonnage (GRT), or simply gross tonnage is the entire inclosed space of a ship expressed in units or "tons" of 100 cubic feet.

(b) Net tonnage is the ship's volume of useful cargo space in units of 100 cubic feet.

(c) Displacement tonnage is the weight of the water displaced by the ship in tons of 2,240 pounds (long tons). Displacement loaded is the weight of the water displaced by a fully loaded ship including cargo, passengers, fuel, water, stores, dunnage, and other items necessary for use on a voyage. Displacement light is the weight of the water displaced by the ship minus the items listed above. Displacement tonnage usually is used to designate the size of naval vessels and only rarely that of cargo or passenger ships.

(d) Deadweight tonnage is the ship's total carrying capacity, expressed in long tons, and represents the difference between displacement loaded and displacement light. The effective pay load of an average cargo vessel is 80 percent of its deadweight tonnage.

(e) The shipping or measurement ton is a volume of 40 cubic feet. The size of Japanese ships usually is given in gross tons. There is no absolute relationship between the gross tonnage of a ship and its cargo carrying capacity. However, as an approximation, it may be assumed that for an average cargo ship the effective deadweight tonnage is equal to its gross tonnage multiplied by a factor of 1.5.

(2) Tonnage requirements. The amount of tonnage required to transport troops will depend upon the type of units transported; the amount of cargo: and the type of loading used; i.e., commercial, combat, organizational, or convoy. The following figures may be used as a guide:

Classification		Tonnage
1 man		3.
1 horse		9 (equals 3 men).
1 field gun		18 (equals 6 men).

In moving large bodies of troops and their usual impedimenta, over long distances where proper loading facilities are available and cargo can be stowed with the least loss of space, an estimated average of 5 gross tons per man will be required. Such conditions will prevail in moving troops from home ports to theaters of operation. The following table gives the amount of estimated tonnage required to transport various units:

Unit            Tonnage Army headquarters 3,400  Divisional headquarters 2,800  Infantry regiment 14,000  Field artillery regiment 24,000  Engineer battalion 3,000  Division signal unit 1,000  Transport company 5,500  Division medical unit 5,000  Field hospital 1,400

Figure 155.

A division with a proportion of Army Troops is estimated to require 125,000 tons when making a long haul. In moving troops within the theaters of operations, particularly where opposed debarkation may be expected, or where rapid unloading is of paramount importance, light loading is employed. Thus in Rabaul-Guadalcanal movements tonnage figures averaged about 9.0 gross tons per man. The following chart is an example of this latter type of loading for various ships in a convoy:

Gross tonnage of ships         Personnel           Horses           Items of freight         Gross tons/man 5,823    699 167 990 8.4 4,130    477 -- 975 8.8 5,467    457 165 2,202 12.0 5,425    491 9 595 10.9 5,859    803 309 2,127 7.3 7,006    816 166 1,698 8.6   6,498      688   113   2,230   9.5 40,208    4,431 929 10,817 9.0

Figure 156.

(3) Convoys. Ships carrying troops usually assemble at a predetermined point, where convoys consisting of at least five ships are formed. These then proceed under a naval escort directly to their final destination, or to a staging area for transshipment to the theaters of operation. For illustration of convoy, see figure 158.

(4) Speed of convoys. The speed of convoys depends on the speed of the slowest ship in the convoy and on the extent of and on the extent of zigzagging. Average speed is estimated at 200 nautical miles per 24 hours; small convoys of fast ships may average a speed as high as 15 knots.

(5) Escort of convoys. Convoys are escorted most frequently by destroyers or smaller escort vessels. A convoy of 10 ships usually is accompanied by 3-4 destroyers, but larger or more important convoys may have heavier protection. Convoying distances will vary according to the safety of the passage. Changes of escorts may take place at intermediate points, particularly where a convoy passes from one patrolling area to another.

(6) Loading and discharging. Japanese are expert at handling ships and have achieved a considerable degree of efficiency in loading and discharging military cargo. The rate of loading and discharging will depend on many factors, such as availability of piers, cranes, trained stevedores, etc. It is estimated that in well equipped ports loading and unloading of a ship combat-loaded averaging 5,000 gross tons, using shore or ship's gear, could be accomplished in 3 days (operating 24 hours a day). Where piers are not available, but an adequate number of Motor Barges (MLC) can be utilized, the same rate could be achieved for combat-loaded ships. Where lighters have to be used, as many as 6 days may be required to unload a ship. Harbor congestion or lack of an adequate number of lighters and stevedoring crews may extend the required time to several weeks. General cargo can be unloaded at an average rate of 1,500 long tons per 24-hour day at piers or with MLC, and at 800 long tons per 24-hour day by lighters.

c. Transport by small craft, "sea trucks", and barges. (1) Sea trucks. These are small coastal cargo boats, luggers, and the like, generally stack aft, and varying in size from 120 to 1,000 gross tons. To these may be added latest types of wooden craft (100-300 gross tons) now being built by the Japanese on a large scale. These vessels are chiefly employed in combat zones and for coastal and inter-island transport. They can navigate in shoal waters, can be easily concealed along the coast, and generally are well adapted for the transport of small bodies of troops.

(2) Barges. In view of the danger of attack on large vessels in close waters, the Japanese Army has used landing barges extensively in the Southwest Pacific area for the transport of troops and supplies. They travel by night over set routes and hide during the day in small coves or along a stretch of coast overhung by trees. Figure 157 shows the characteristics and capacities of the barges and small transport craft used in a supply and replacement role.

d. Transport by naval vessels. (1) Cruisers may carry an average of 300 to 400 troops on long runs, and perhaps as many as 1,500 or more on short ones, but few instances of the latter type have been noted.

(2) Destroyers have been used extensively in the Southwest Pacific Area for reinforcement, evacuation, and supply. Their employment as carriers usually is limited to extremely urgent cases. Such trips are short and usually made at night with loads varying according to circumstances. An average load for a 1,500-ton ship may be assumed to be 200-300 troops with some equipment or stores. On some occasions destroyers were known to have towed barges loaded with troops.

Transport   No. I    No. II    No. III    No. IV    No. V    No. VI  Sea truck -- Gross tonnage  5,493  6,493  6,869  3,793  2,746  2,883   953  29,230  total Speed (knots) 10 10 10 8.5 9 10 -- -- Unit and personnel:      Army Hq 2 56 21 2 2 -- -- 83      2d mixed Arty Brigade 97 100 99 50 -- -- -- 346      AA Bn (less 2 coys) 96 90 96 80 -- -- -- 362      Army Sigs 18 20 32 -- -- -- -- 70      Ind. Eng. Regt -- 50 -- -- -- -- -- 50      Ship. Eng. Regt 70 150 150 50 50 100 -- 570      Debarkation unit 150 150 176 50 50 100 -- 676      Div. Hq 27 67 71 7 -- -- -- 172      Inf. Regt 500 389 828 488 -- -- -- 2,205      Fd. Arty. Regt 81 159 134 -- -- -- -- 374      Eng. Regt (less 1 coy) 50 -- 206 225 -- -- -- 481      Div. Sig -- 38 30 -- -- -- -- 68      Fd. hospital 102 50 -- -- -- -- -- 152      Unassigned troops 10 5 55 100 150 -- -- 320      Water purifying unit -- -- 25 -- -- -- -- 25   _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Total 1,203 1,324 1,923 1,052 252 200   5,954   Equipment:      AA 3 3 3 3 -- -- -- 12      Bn gun 2 1 2 2 -- -- -- 7      Regt. gun -- -- 1 1 -- -- -- 2      Anti-tank gun -- 1 -- 1 -- -- -- 2      Mt. gun 2 2 -- -- -- -- -- 4      Light mortar 4 1 2 2 -- -- -- 9      Machine guns 6 7 8 7 -- -- -- 28      105 mm How -- -- 2 1 -- -- -- 3      150 mm How 2 2 -- -- -- -- -- 4      Rapid fire guns -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- 3      Gun limbers 4 4 4 2 -- -- -- 14 Vehicles:      Wagons 26 23 23 5 -- -- -- 77      Trucks 4 14 8 2 -- -- -- 28      Tractors 2 4 2 1 -- -- -- 9      Passenger cars -- 1 1 -- -- -- -- 2      Rear cars -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 1 Landing craft:      Collapsible boats 10 1 15 15 -- -- -- 40      Large MLC 4 8 6 4 5 11 -- 38      Outboard motors 8 -- 6 6 -- -- -- 20      Unsinkable drums 500 300 500 -- -- 200 -- 1,500      Logs 25 25 -- 25 -- -- -- 75      Planks 125 125 -- 125 -- -- -- 375   Various freight:      Munitions (cu. m.) 2,000 2,000 1,500 200 300 1,000 -- 7,000      Provisions and cargo (cu. m.) -- -- -- 500 500 -- -- 1,000      Aircraft ammunition (cu. m.) -- -- -- 120 120 -- -- 240      Belly tanks (cu. m.) -- -- -- 100 100 -- -- 200      Aviation gasoline (drums) -- -- -- 540 540 -- 1,500 2,580      Boat fuel oil (drums) -- -- -- 150 250 -- 500 900      Motor gasoline (drums) -- -- -- -- -- -- 150 150      Unit baggage (pcs.) 1,911 1,678 2,559 1,191 -- -- -- 7,339   NOTES: 1. Additional 958 personnel, 14 small MLC, 48 collapsible boats and 420 unsinkable drums carried on 8 destroyers. 2. Horses were not included in this transport.

Figure 158. Example of sea transportation in convoy.

(3) Submarines are constantly employed to carry supplies and small parties of troops. Average capacity of submarines is 10 to 15 men plus stores, in addition to their crew. I-class submarines are reputed to be able to carry 50 troops and 20-40 tons of cargo, depending on whether deck cargo is carried and large submarines were reported to have carried as many as 100 troops. For transport by naval vessels, see figure 159, page 182.

LIGHT CRUISERS Class Displacement (tons) Dimensions At maximum speed At economical speed   Draft   Example of loads Over-all length   Beam    Knots   Range   Knots   Range   Troops   Cargo                      Ft. In.         Ft. In.                   Miles                   Miles         Ft.                     Yubari 2,890 463 40 33 1,400 10 5,500 11.8 360 Plus 42 tons, equipment and for supplies. DESTROYERS Fubuki 1,700 379  6 34 34 1,100 15 4,700 10 280   Asashio 1,500 361  6 33 34 960 15 5,700 9 270 3 vehicles; 2 bn guns, 2-105 mm hows; 29 boxes amm.; 20 collapsible boats, 2 MLC; 10 outboard motors. Mutsuki 1,315 336 30 34 960 15 4,350 9-10 250 Averaged 250 men, plus 60-70 tons of equipment and/or supplies. Shigure 1,368 341  3 31  9 34 1,020 15 6,000 9-10 250   Hatsuharu 1,368 344 32  6 34 1,020 15 6,000 9-10 250   Kamikaze 1,315 336 30 34 960 15 4,350 9-10 240   Momo and Kuri 770 287 26  6 31 800 15 3,000 8 ---   SUBMARINES Class         Displacement         Speed on surface (Knots)         Speed, submerged (Knots)         Personnel carried         Cargo carried (tons)         Remarks New type, I class 1,150/2,200 14/20 9 Up to 40 (largest types reported to be able to carry up to 100) 350 Unconfirmed. Latest I class reportedly carry an aircraft in a deck hangar and have fittings to secure midget submarines and Daihatsu (type A MLC). RO class 650/1,000 13/17 10 -- -- --

Figure 159. Japanese warship classes used for transportation in Southwest Pacific Area.

2. RAIL TRANSPORTATION. a. General. (1) Japan, proper. The Japanese have considerable experience in rail transportation, both in Japan proper and on the Asiatic continent. Their railroad system is well managed, and their rolling stock is normally in good repair. Honshu, the main island, is encircled by the principal trunk lines, and the interior is well traversed with branch lines and a few trunk lines. The other prominent islands of Japan proper, Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu are also well served with railroad transportation. The rolling stock of Japan proper is estimated to consist of 6,300 locomotives, 120,000 freight cars, and 16,000 passenger cars.

(2) Korea. The railroads on the Korean peninsula run in a generally north-south direction and link the chief Korean ports with the Manchurian railroad net. There are several east-west connecting lines. The rolling stock in Korea is estimated at 600 locomotives, 7,500 freight cars, and 1,500 passenger cars, exclusive of rolling stock used on approximately 670 miles of narrow gauge railroads.

(3) Manchuria. The Manchurian railroad system, which is characterized by a series of parallel and inter-linked north-south and east-west lines, is built mainly around the South Manchurian Railways' double-tracked Dairen-Harbin line. The Manchurian rail net connects with the Korean system at five points and with the North China system at three points, while numerous strategic lines have been built to the Manchurian-Russian border.

(4) Gauge. The gauge in Japan proper is 3 feet 6 inches, while in Manchuria and Korea, except for a few narrow gauge lines in the latter, it is standard (4 feet 8 1/2 inches).

(5) Capacity. The average load capacity of freight cars in Japan proper is 13 tons, in Manchuria 35 tons, and in Korea 30 tons. In actual movement of freight, it generally may be assumed that the Japanese freight car capacity is half that of freight cars used in the United States. In Manchuria and Korea the capacity would be the same as for similar American freight cars. Third class passenger cars have a seating capacity of 64 passengers in Japan, while in Manchuria and Korea they accommodate from 80 to 100 passengers.

b. Troop trains. (1) Composition of trains. In Japan proper, military trains on the main trunk lines may consist of as many as 35 cars, while smaller trains which must be used on branch lines reduce the number of cars to as low as 20. In Manchuria and Korea military trains average 27-30 cars each. So far as it is practicable, complete units travel as such in separate trains: the composition of the train will vary depending on the type of material belonging to the unit. Officers usually travel in first or second class passenger cars (coaches); other troops travel in third class passenger cars (coaches) or freight cars used temporarily for troop movement. Livestock cars are used for horses; box cars for supplies; and flat cars for vehicles, tanks, and guns.

(2) Dispatch and speed. Troop trains can be dispatched at the rate of one every hour on the main trunk lines in Japan and Manchuria; on the branch lines the rate of dispatch will vary between 10 and 15 trains a day, depending on siding facilities. About 15 miles an hour is the average estimated speed of troop trains on the principal trunk lines in Japan, while in Manchuria it is about 20 miles an hour. On branch lines, the average speed is reduced to 10 to 12 miles an hour.

(3) Loading. In Japan proper, a flat car will carry one 75-mm gun and two caissons; a gun tractor, limber, and gun; two large vehicles; or a large vehicle and two motorcycles. In Manchuria and Korea, the loading may differ only slightly from practices in the United States, since much of the rolling stock was purchased in the United States or followed American standard of construction. The box cars used for troop movements will accommodate between 50 and 60 men. Equipment, when loaded, is secured by blocks and ropes and usually covered by canvas. End, as well as side, ramps are used in loadings and if necessary, ramps are carried by the unit moving by rail. In Japan, entraining ordinarily can be accomplished in 1-1.5 hours, while detraining may be done in less than an hour. For movements in Manchuria or Korea, the time required would be about the same as elsewhere where standard railroad equipment is Used.

(4) Illustrations. Troop movements in Japan and Manchuria are shown in individual tables below, followed by comparative figures of the estimated number of cars required for rail movements in these two regions.

Train            1            2            3 Troops 510 officers and men belonging to Infantry and Artillery units. 760 officers and men belonging to Infantry. 500 officers and men belonging to Infantry. Horses 70 40 90 Material 1 gun carriage, 14 vehicles, machine guns. Infantry guns, machine guns. 4 gun carriages, 3 vehicles, machine guns. Cars 1 passenger coach, 24 closed freight cars. 1 passenger coach, 24 closed freight cars, 3 open freight cars. 1 passenger coach, 25 closed freight cars, 4 open freight cars.

Figure 160. Troop trains in Japan proper.

Trains            A total of 41 trains: average length 27.5 cars. Troops 1,019 officers and warrant officers; 22,679 other troops. This force consisted of a regular infantry division with several units attached including 1 Bn. Mt. How.; 1 Tk. Bn; 4 AA units, etc. Horses 5,100 Material As required by the force. Cars 29 first and second class passenger coaches; 26 third class coaches; 315 temporary coaches (covered freight cars); 60 partly covered boxcars; 467 livestock cars; 115 boxcars; 115 flat cars; total, 1,127.

Figure 161. Troop trains in Manchuria.

Unit         Trunk lines in Japan         South Manchuria railways (main lines) Army headquarters 54   26   Division headquarters 45   22   Infantry regiment 153   82   Field artillery regiment 452   242   Engineer company 15   8   Transport company 94   42   Field hospital (1) 23   11   A division with a proportion of Army troops is estimated to require 1,500-1,700   750-860

Figure 162. Estimated number of cars needed for Japanese troop movements by rail.

3. MOTOR TRANSPORTATION. a. General. The Japanese have several types of trucks, varying in carrying capacity from 3/4 ton to 3 tons. The most common type called the Nissan, is of 1 1/2 tons carrying capacity. In most data on motor transport movements it will be found that calculations usually are based on the employment of the 1 1/2 ton truck. For capacity of trucks, see figure 163.

Material             1 1/2-ton truck             1-ton truck             3/4-ton truck Soldiers, equipped 18 12 9 LMG 3 guns, 3 boxes of amm., 16 men 2 guns, 2 boxes of amm., 11 men 1 or 2 guns, 1 or 2 boxes of amm., 8 men HMG, Model 92 1 gun, 3 boxes of amm., 15 men 1 gun, 4 boxes of amm., 10 men 1 gun, 4 boxes of amm., 7 men Howitzer (70 mm.) Model 92 1 gun, 6 boxes of amm., 15 men 1 gun, 3 boxes of amm., 10 men 1 gun, 6 boxes of amm., 6 men Mortar (50 mm.) Model 98 1 gun, 20 boxes of amm., 11 men 1 gun, 8 boxes of amm., 9 men 1 gun, 6 boxes of amm., 5 men Field artillery gun (75 mm.), Model 38 1 gun, carriage or limber, 7 men 1 gun, carriage or limber, 1 man.   Mountain (Infantry) gun, Model 41 1 gun, 10 men 1 gun, 3 men 1 gun Rifle ammunition, Model 38 32 boxes 22 boxes 16 boxes HMG ammunition, Model 92 60 boxes 40 boxes 30 boxes Mortar (50 mm.) Model 98 57 boxes 38 boxes 28 boxes Hand grenades 42 boxes 28 boxes 21 boxes Field artillery Gun amm. (75 mm.) Model 38 38 boxes 26 boxes 19 boxes Provision, forage, clothing, etc 1 1/2 tons 1 ton 3/4 ton Gasoline 100 cans (5 U.S. gals.) 66 cans (5 U.S. gals.) 50 cans (5 U.S. gals.)   Remarks: Trucks are loaded at full capacity. A fully equipped soldier's estimated weight is 150 pounds.

Figure 163. Standard chart showing transportation capacity of motor trucks.

b. Requirements. Motor transport required for moving of troops is as follows:

Unit (personnel with combat equipment)		Number of trucks
Infantry company		16
Infantry battalion		100
Regimental gun company		25
Infantry regiment		375
FA battalion (75-mm)		80
Engineer battalion (105-mm)		120
Engineer company		16
Division signal unit		22
Division, total		3,000

(1) Estimate based on 1 1/2-ton capacity trucks.

(2) Unit combat and field trains included.

(3) Horses and vehicles excluded.

(4) For moving horses and vehicles, it is estimated that, generally, the additional number of trucks required would be equal to the number needed for moving troops and combat equipment.

4. MARCH TABLES AND ROAD SPACES. a. General. The Japanese Army, in its training, has for years stressed marching, and the ability to make long marches. This has resulted in the marching ability shown in Malaya, Burma, and the Pacific islands where Japanese columns have made 10-12 miles per day through heavy jungle and over terrain considered impassable. In New Guinea, a Japanese column, burdened by its heavy weapons, averaged 8-9 miles a day along jungle trails. Jungle marches are ordinarily made on a basis of 20 minutes marching and 20 minutes rest.

b. Marching ability of the various arms. See figures 164 and 165.

Force classification Speed of march in kilometers per hour (figures in parentheses are miles per hour) 1 day's march Daytime Nighttime Km. Miles A force composed of all arms           4           (2.48)           3 to 4           (1.87 to 2.5)           24 to 40           (14.9 to 24.84) Mounted cavalry force 6 to 10  (3.73 to 6.21) 4 to 5 (2.5 to 3.11) 40 to 60 (24.84 to 37.26) Fast march of horse-drawn artillery force 10 (6.21) 8 (4.97) -- -- Motorized artillery force (field artillery) 10 to 20  (6.21 to 12.42) Dimmed lights; 6 (3.73) No lights; 4 (2.48) 100 to 120 (62 to 74.52) Motor-car company 12 to 20 7.45 to 12.42 Dimmed lights; 6 to 10 (3.73 to 6.2) No lights; 4 (2.48) 100 to 120 (62 to 74.52) Tank company:      Medium tanks 12 (7.45) Dimmed lights; 6 (3.73) No lights; 4 (2.48) 80 (49.7)      Light tanks 16 (9.94) Dimmed lights; 8 (4.97) No lights; 4 (2.48) 100 (62.1)      Tankettes 16 (9.94) Dimmed lights; 8 (4.97) No lights; 8 (2.48) 100 (62.1)   NOTES: 1. A short rest every hour was included in determining average speeds. 2.The length of march is the average distance covered per day in marching lasting a number of days. 3. The roads are considered to be average ones in level country.

Figure 164. Chart of the standard rates and length of march.

Name of units         Length of column for combat units         Length of column for unit trains             Intervals     between   units Army headquarters 200 200 --      Infantry:      Division headquarters 150 150 --      Infantry rifle company 75 -- 8      Machine gun company 110 -- 8      Battalion (less train) 440 95 20      Battalion (with train) 580 (135) 20      Regimental gun company 170 (35) 25 --      Regiment (total) 2,100 (500) 370 20 Cavalry:      Cavalry company:           In column of 2 210 -- 15           In column of 4 120 -- 15      Cavalry regiment:           In column of 2 400-670 (320) 20           In column of 4 260-440 200 20      Horse artillery unit 1,000 -- --      Machine gun unit 550 -- --      Cavalry brigade (less trains) 3,500 800 --      Cavalry brigade (with trains) 1,900 800 -- Field artillery:      Company (less train) 220 -- 20      Company (with train) 300 -- --      Battalion (less train) 1,050 270 30      Battalion (with train) 1,230 270 30      Regiment (less train) 4,000 1,000 --      Regiment (with train) 4,500 1,000 -- Mountain artillery:      Company (less unit train) 220 -- --      Company (with unit train) 330 -- --      Battalion (less unit train) 1,230 (390) 30      Battalion (with unit train) 1,400 (390) 30      Regiment (less unit train) 4,400 (1500) 30      Regiment (with unit trains) 5,400 (1500) 30 105-mm gun regiment 4,000 -- -- 150-mm howitzers:      Company (less train) 320 -- 20      Company (with train) 480 -- 20      Battalion (less train) 1,550 400 30      Battalion (with train) 2,000 400 30      Regiment (less train) 4,100 1,050 30      Regiment (with train) 4,950 1,050 30 Heavy arty brig tnpt unit 5,000 -- -- Field AA arty unit 300 -- -- Engineers:      Company (less train) 120 50 8      Company (with train) 190 (60) 8      Regiment (less train) 260 120 15      Regiment (with train) 400 (150) --      Bridge building company (6,200) -- -- Transport:      Company (draft) 1,600 -- --      Company (pack) (1,610) -- --      Company (MT) 1,200 -- --      Horse depot (160) 130 -- -- Signals: Signal unit (230) 200 -- -- Medical unit (240) 800 -- -- Field hospital (440) 375 -- --   NOTES: 1. Figures in parentheses indicate pack formations. 2. Foot units are calculated as marching columns of four. 3. All distances are in meters.

Figure 165. Road space table.

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